ABSTRACT

Speaking of 150 years of history in a few pages is not easy, nevertheless the objective of this brief essay is to show the development of homeopathic science in our country from its beginnings to the present, divided into five stages, according to the most important events that define each of them. Stage I (1849-1893) includes the first years of isolated practices of the homeopathic doctors. Stage II (1893-1921) explains the years of officialization and prosperity for associations and schools. Stage III (1921-1940) is characterized by conflicts with authorities. Stage IV is identified by the slow blooming of schools and study groups.That is when postgraduate studies appear and prosper in Mexico. In stage VI (1999-  ) the spread and growth of homeopathy continues, now under new perspectives and attitudes of 21st century Mexico.

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL FRAME (1)

            Arrival of the first homeopathic doctors to Mexico in 1849 (82) coincides with the loss of more than half of the national territory (2.1 million square kilometers) after the war with the United States and the end of Antonio López de Santa Anna’s tenth presidency, a somber character in our country. Between the years 1848 and 1853 several interim military governments held power in the chaotic nation until Santa Anna installed himself in the presidency for the eleventh and last time, collecting taxes even for the number of doors, windows and pets in the houses.

Reformation wars, the Constitution of 1857, the three year war (1856-1860) the ephemeral empire of Maximilian and Charlotte (1864-1867) and the Restoration of the Republic give frame to the first years of homeopathy in Mexico.

The long period of peace and prosperity of the porfiriate (1867-1811, named after General and President Porfirio Díaz) allowed study groups to prosper and also allowed the foundation of homeopathic schools and hospitals (3). After the brief democratic government of Francisco I. Madero (15 months), again war and destruction stroke our fatherland, this time it was the Mexican Revolution, fratricide and nepharious war which lasted more than a decade.

Alter president Álvaro Obregón was murdered in 1924, General Plutarco Elías Calles became the dominant figure in Mexican politics. His government was characterized by Marxist tendencies, and because of the religious persecution, the Cristeros’ War exploded (1927-1929), an event which occurred with more popular participation than the Mexican Revolution.

In 1928 a period called “maximate” begins, because Calles proclaims himself “The maximum chief of the revolution”.  After the brief interim governments of Emilio Portes Gil and Pascual Ortiz Rubio, General Lázaro Cárdenas held power and he was the last military president (1934-1940). In his term a social order was established and Calles was stripped of all political influence. It was in this period when homeopathic doctors fought their more intense battles defeating the President of the Republic (4).

During the next governments the country began a long recovery period, reaching its highest point in the governments of Adolfo Ruiz Cortínes (1952-1958), Adolfo López Mateos (1958-1964) and Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1964-1970). This period is known by economists as the “stabilizing development”, during which Mexico achieved a great economical stability.

During the next government (1970-1976) the national economy deteriorated and a great devaluation (from $12.50 pesos a dollar to more than $20.00) that stripped the Mexican peso of the fixed parity with the U.S. dollar, and was the first of the many that have happened up to date.

The last years have been characterized by inflation and monetary devaluations and by the economic crisis we are still living with today.

In January 1994 a guerilla movement  began in the south of the country with the movement led by the National Liberation Zapatista Army, with unresolved conflict to date.

In the year 2000, 71 years of the rule of a single party ended and a new era of democracy in the Mexican Republic began.

Stage I

THE FIRST ONES (1849-1893)

Spanish doctors arriving from Cuba introduced the practice of homeopathic medicine to our country.  As to the different chroniclers there are several versions, but after careful investigation we can say that the first one was Doctor Cornelio Andrade y Baz, who arrived in the Mexican coasts in 1849. He came as bedside doctor of the Bringas family and stayed for six years only, living at Orizaba in the State of Veracruz (2).

In 1850 Dr. Ramón Comellas (2), a Catalonian doctor, ex-professor of the University of Valencia among various other distinctions, was founder of the Valencian Medical Institute (3).  He is author of the first homeopathic publication in our country, the “Review on Homeopathy Dedicated to Mexicans” (5).  This small 24 page booklet has a brief historical introduction and the main indications that a patient of homeopathic medicine must follow. These accomplishments,  and the fact that he was the first to teach homeopathy to his main disciples, Julián González and Rafael Degollado, qualifies him as the person who introduced homeopathy to Mexico. 

Dr. Salvador Riera, also a Spaniard, arrived in Mérdia, State of Yucatán, with degrees from the Universities of Madrid and Havana in 1851, where he was the protagonist of the initial chapters of homeopathy in Yucatán. (6).

In 1854 Dr. José María Carbó, Catalonian also, arrived from Cuba, and he did so specifically to fight the yellow fever epidemics in the port of Veracruz (7). His outstanding labour with the sick and his treatments in San Juan de Ulúa[*] earned him recognition by President Santa Anna, who granted him the first official permission to practice homeopathy in Mexico (8).

In 1855 el Dr. Narciso Sanchíz, arrived in Mexico; he instructed the first Mexican practitioners, Alfredo Domínguez Ugalde and Pablo Fuentes Herrera (9).

In 1861 Dr. Fuentes Herrera, and Pascual Bielsa, founded the first homeopathic group, the “Homeopathic Society of Mexico”, with the prime objective of exploring the national fauna and flora to elaborate a Mexican Materia Medica. The magazine edited by this group called “The Gazette” was the first of its kind in the country (9). Unfortunately the precarious political conditions determined that the life of this institution would only be a few months. (9).

The first convert Mexican Doctor was Dr. Crescencio Colín converted by Dr. José Puig in 1870. This man of exemplary dedication was the first to promote and help spread homeopathy, leading to the historical dawn of homeopathy in Mexico (10).

The controversial figure Julián González, played an important role in those years. Some authors consider him a doctor (10), and others like Ignacio Fernández de Lara (2) consider him an empirical practitioner.  This man born in Burgos, Spain in 1832, is Dr. Comellas first disciple, and the second to publish on homeopathy in our country. His book “Practical Homeopathy Treatise and Families’ guide” had two editions, in 1871 (10) and in 1879 (11). This text has among other things, a Materia Medica with clinical references and index of the 656 remedies with which his pharmacy was supplied. In this pharmacy don Julián practiced in person, and occasionally to residents in the interior of the country by mail (11).

Julián González also founded the first homeopathic drugstore in the country in 1867. In 1869, Dr. Joaquín Salas took the administration, installing it in San Francisco Street 12. Later, they changed to Avenue of 5 de Mayo 17, then to the streets of Tacuba, and finally to Belisario Domínguez 47 (8).

During 1869, the main homeopaths of the time joined ranks, thanks to the efforts of Herrera and Julián González, with the objective of founding a new homeopathic group. On August 18th the project that resulted in the “Mexican Homeopathic Institute was presented. This group began activities on April 10^th 1870. Its objective was not only the study and propagation of the homeopathic method, but scientific and rational discussion also, which was published in the magazine “The homeopathic propagator”. This publication was under the charge of doctors Francisco Pérez Ortiz and José T. Hidalgo.

In 1871, Dr. Rafael Degollado founded the first homeopathic hospital in San Miguel Allende, State of Guanajuato. Unfortunately it was short-lived (8). This building is preserved nowadays in the street of Diez de Sollano 15. In 1980, The Association of Homeopathic Surgeons and Midwifery Doctors of the Center, Civilian Association, put up a commemorative sign, which is still in the façade. (12)

Homeopathy spread through diverse regions of the Republic: Dr. Francisco Marchena in Puebla (State of Puebla), Miguel Cruz y Canto in Toluca (State of Mexico), Nemesio de los Santos Rubio in the State of Yucatán and Dr. Ismael Tavera in the State of Veracruz continued the labor initiated by Ramón Comellas in 1851.

In 1874, the “Mexican Homeopathic Medical Society” was founded (13) by initiative of doctors Enrique Carrera Lardizábal Valdés y Morales, Barona, Medina, Chávez, Antonio Salas, Ramírez de Arellano, José T. Hidalgo, Rafael Navarrete and Pablo Fuentes y Herrera among others. They established a practice where 8,947 consultations were made the first year (8). The first number of its publication, “The Homeopathical Lighthouse” was published on April 15^th 1874 (9).

The autumn of 1874 marked the reorganization of the “Mexican Homeopathic Institute” under new statutes and with more coordinated activity in the spread of homeopathy. Conferences were reassumed on November 21 (14).

Their new publication, called “The Medical Reform” was edited as the second epoch of “The Homeopathic Propagator” in January 1875.

Diplomas granted by the Institute were beautifully designed. They had the Image of Samuel Hahnemann in the upper part in a frame, and in the lower part an eagle with extended wings holding a snake in its beak and a paw. At the sides they had two columns with the signs “Materia Medica” and “Chronic sicknesses” in the left, and “Physiological experimentation” and “Vital dynamism” on the right side. They also had the seal of the institution, the signatures of the president and secretary, and the folia in the respective registration book (15).

In 1879, two state congresses recognized homeopathic medicine officially, thanks to the efforts of Dr. Francisco Marchena in Puebla and Dr. Ismael Talavera in Veracruz; both were of the oldest pioneers in the Mexican province. Juan Crisóstomo Bonilla, Governor of Puebla (16) and Gral. Luis Mier y Terán, Governor of Veracruz (17) issued decrees instituting the teaching and practice of homeopathy in their states.

In 1885 both the “Mexican Homeopathic Institute” and the “Mexican Homeopathic Medical Society had fallen into a long and deep sleep. It was thanks to Crescencio Colín, Dr. Oriard (a French national) and a young aristocratic doctor named Joaquín Segura y Pesado, that homeopathy survived to an new era (18).

Dr. Segura y Pesado had already had contact with homeopathy before through the reading of the Organon and some writings of León Simón. In fact he traveled through Germany and France to learn the new medical doctrine and had already prescribed homeopathic remedies, believed to have been a present from Dr. Crescencio Colín (19).

After Dr. Colín personally visited all the homeopathic doctors living in Mexico City (20), he called for further dissemination of homeopathy and formation of a study group. This new group called “Mexican Homeopathic Circle” would embrace all the followers of homeopathic medicine in Mexico and would try to establish a union of and fellowship links among them.

Their publication was called “The Medical Reform”, the same name it had when it was published by the “Mexican Homeopathic Institute”.  This publication included reports of the reunions of the members of the circle and homeopathic articles and communications of homeopaths from the interior of the country and abroad. In its first edition, edited on July 1st 1885, the use of high potencies is mentioned for the first time in Mexico, in this case the 200^th ch used by Dr. Joaquín Segura y Pesado in various respiratory ailments (18).

It was soon demonstrated that this society fulfilled its goals. In every session new members were proposed and the ranks of the circle grew ever larger. When cholera threatened the port of Veracruz again, the homeopathic doctors  prepared to fight it with homeopathic remedies and in fact, they wrote a booklet (21, 22).

On April 11th 1886, during the celebration of Samuel Hahneman’s 131st birthday, and the first year of existence of the group, several personalities of the homeopathic media attended, like Bernardo de Mendizábal, collaborator and supporter of homeopathy since the time of the foundation of the “Mexican Homeopathic Institute” by Doctors Puig and Pérez Ortiz. In fact Mr. Mendizábal  helped in the foundation of the ill-born homeopathic hospital of the Architects neighborhood (23). Don Julián González and his son Joaquín were also present, specially invited to the celebration. During the toast, the secretary of the circle, Pablo Fuentes y Herrera, read a letter from Julián González to the authorities asking for the foundation of an official faculty of homeopathic medicine (23). All the homeopathic doctors agreed with the idea that it would crystallize the ideals and efforts of the first pioneers of homeopathic medicine in Mexico. The last toast of the celebration was dedicated to these first homeopaths in our country (23). 

As a result of this celebration, there was a broader affiliation to the circle and a national disposition to continue fighting for the cause of homeopathy.

The following issue of the “homeopathic Reform” appeared with a 3 month delay in July 1886. It was no more a publication of the circle . Its cover had the name of the Mexican Homeopathic Institute. In its editorial, called “Ave Fénix”, editors, Joaquín Segura y Pesado, Joaquín González and Juan N. Arriaga explained this metamorphosis (24) By imitative of Francisco Aguilar and to retake the name of the prestigious institution recognized by the governments of Puebla and Veracruz, all members of the “Mexican Homeopathic Circle” and with the same regulations, decided to call the group “Mexican Homeopathic Institute” again. In this same editorial, the conflicts of the homeopaths in defense of their doctrine are mentioned, with a call to the Superior Court. This rebirth had the goal of an ordered and decided struggle for the future of homeopathic medicine in Mexico. Translations of Materia Medica were added to the traditional contents of the magazine, and the announcements of the reunions of the members didn’t appear any more (24, 25).      

In the July 1st 1887 issue of the “Medical Reform”, Dr. Francisco Félix Mendoza presented an article called “The 3d constitutional article and the practice of Medicine”. After researching the antecedents of study and teaching of homeopathic medicine in other countries, he proposed to establish a homeopathic medicine faculty with the doctors of the institute, which would be recognized by the government. He planned the organization of a college and a chair of homeopathy. The last two paragraphs of the article are transcribed. (26):

“Mexican Government, thy mission is not to impose sciences, but to protect their liberty; fulfill that constitutional precept and only in that way thou will do as the times require”.

“Mexican Homeopathic Institute, go on and found as soon as possible schools to teach with perfection our doctrines and where true Mexican homeopathic doctors will graduate, with the official warranties thou must receive from the government as the only competent tribunal in the country, be the Alma Mater”.

In the beginnings of 188, the Mexican Homeopathic Institute opened a free dispensary under Dr. Ignacio Fernández de Lara. The site was facilitated by Dr. Pánfilo Carranza, then president of the institute in his own home (27).

The project of the school flourished under the second presidency of Dr. Joaquín Segura y Pesado en 1889, with the establishment of a Medicine Academy, which would teach general medicine and also homeopathic doctrine. This school began with Dr. Segura y Pesado as director and Dr. Bernabé Hernández as secretary. Chairs of homeopathy were occupied by: Dr. Joaquín Segura y Pesado, anatomy, Ignacio Fernández de Lara, clinical practice, Pablo Fuentes y Herrera, Materia Medica, Juan N. Arriaga, pathology, Miguel Bachiller, hygiene, Joaquín González, surgery, Pablo Barona, physiology, and Manuel M. de Legarreta, pharmacology (28).

The first site of the Academy was in the street of Canoa (canoe, today Donceles), and later in Santa Teresa 18 (today Republic of Guatemala St). The first qualified pupil was Fidel de Régules. In 1892, the labour of the Mexican Homeopathic Institute and its Academy was very important. Dr. Segura y Pesado had attended freely a great number of patients, registering their clinical histories carefully, with which he established the efficiency of homeopathic medicine (28). In fact it was a homeopathic healing which predisposed General Porfirio Díaz toward homeopathy.

According to a tale by one of his own daughters, the President was treated of an old osteomyelitis by Dr. Joaquín Segura y Pesado. The wound, a sequel of the battle of Veracruz healed in ten days (29). 

Eighteen ninety three was a key year in the history of homeopathic medicine in México. The most important event was the foundation of the National Homeopathic Hospital, of which we will talk later. Also important was the foundation of the Hahnemann Society, which built on the origins of the “Mexican Homeopathic Society” (30). This new group was constituted initially of Drs. Luis Alva, Juan N. Arriaga, Pablo Barona, Rafael V. Castro, Manuel Córdoba y Aristi, Feliciano Gómez Puente, Lino Mora, José I. Muñoz, Librado Ocampo, R. C. de los Ríos, Amalio Romero y Mariano Valdéz (31). Soon they had new members in Mexico City and diverse states like Chihuahua, Guerrero, Michoacán, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, State of México, Hidalgo, and Tlaxcala (32). In its initial years, it counted with around 45 doctors (28).

The central publication of this group was called “Homeopathy”, a magazine that deserves mention for its contents and continuity. It was edited uninterruptedly until 1913, when political conditions of the country (the middle of the revolution), made it impossible to publish.

The editors were Juan N. Arriaga, Rafael V. Castro, and Amalio Romero. The Magazine had a social directory, a familiar section, a scientific section, clinical notes and varieties. It had supplements for doctors, like the second edition of Farrington’s Materia Medica, the fascicles “A Marvelous City” (illustrated themes of anatomy and physiology), written by Dr. Juan N. Arriaga, Characteristics of Allen’s Materia Medica, and Characteristics of Nash’s Homeopathic Therapeutics.

The first issue of “Homeopathy” was awarded a medal and corresponding diploma at the Paris Universal Exposition in 1900 (28)

The second epoch of the magazine began in 1933, and the third in June 1941, when the Similia Laboratories republished the journal, in July of 1941; it took the name “Homeopathy in Mexico”, which it has up to this day (34).

The “Hahnemann Society” worked decidedly for the practice and diffusion of homeopathic medicine under the motto “Constancy and study” (35). It had ample recognition and its magazine had exchange in various countries in the world.

The edition of “Homeopathy”, the scientific sessions, and associated work were suspended by the end of 1913 due to the revolutionary war (33).

The “Mexican Homeopathic Medical Society” worked intermittently up to 1917. Its last board of directors was constituted by Juan N. Arriaga as President, Luis G. de Legarreta as Secretary, and Manuel A. Lizama as Prosecretary (13).

STAGE II

OFFICIALIZATION (1893-1921)

            In the precise moment of trying to found a hospital, four doctors of the Homeopathic Medicine Academy, Joaquín Segura y Pesado, Ignacio Fernández de Lara, Ignacio María Montaño, and Fernando Gómez Suárez sent a petition to Licentiate Romero Rubio, Government Minister, to obtain a building where the efficiency of homeopathic medicine could be assayed. In this broad letter they identified the bounties of the Hahnemannian method, and the international situation of homeopathy at that time. They asked to be granted a facility that had recently been equipped as a hospital and was ready to be used (36).

This small building had been adapted to fight a typhus epidemic threatening Mexico City, and was known as the “old powder-magazine or the “vice royal powder-magazine" (37).

The building had in its façade stone many details, and bore proudly the emblem of Castile and Aragon. It was in the “Cuartelito” neighborhood and the government had built a bridge to connect it with the Resguardo Street (37).

With no other capital than their own media could grant them, these four doctors began working in the hospital, which became known as the “National Homeopathic Hospital”. Hospital statistics were published in “Homeopathy”, and were subject to scrutiny by the Government Ministry.

After a year of operation, the official inauguration took place, July 15^th 1894, with the presence of the President of the Republic, General Porfirio Díaz, the Government Minister, Licentiate Manuel Romero Rubio, and the governor of the Federal District, Licentiate José Ives Limantour among other personalities. (38).

            Alter a two year period, the government analyzed the results of the project, which were overwhelmingly favorable to homeopathic medicine. This  earned, by its own achievements the establishment of an official school for the first time in history.

On July 31^st, 1895, General Porfirio Díaz issued the presidential decree that established the “National Homeopathic Medicine School”, which I transcribe (39):

August 10th, 1895.- Government Decree.- Establishes in the Federal District the studies of Homeopath Medical Surgeon.

The President of the Republic has sent me the following decree:

"Porfirio Díaz, Constitutional President of the Mexican United States, to their inhabitants, know:

That in use of the faculties granted to the executive by the fraction I of 85th constitutional article, and the ones granted by the Congress of the Union of January 13th 1869, and considering: that since the year 1889, a Homeopathic Medicine School exists in this city, managed by private persons, which is in charge of a Hospital supported by the public beneficence funds, where the pupils of the same school study: that it is necessary for the public service to recognize the existence of that school so that the courses imparted manifest all the scientific knowledge required by law for the Medicine Studies in general, with which full warranty will be given to particulars that go to the homeopathic healing system, avoiding abuse by those who  practice it without knowledge and a degree that authorizes them; and last, that in the practical results obtained by patients assisted in the expressed Hospital are satisfactory, as demonstrated by statistics opportunely published, I have taken for good to decree the following:

ART. 1. The career of Homeopath Medical Surgeon is established in the Federal District.

2.- To obtain the degree of Homeopath Medical Surgeon , it is necessary to have been examined and approved in the preparatory studies required for the career of Medicine in general, and in the following professional disicplines : Descriptive Anatomy.- Histology.- Physiology.- Dissection.- Internal Pathology.- General Pathology-. External Pathology.- Topographical Anatomy.- Operatory Medicine.- Parturitions-. Hygiene.- Legal Medicine.- Materia Medica-. Therapeutics.- Exposition and fundaments of the homeopathic doctrine and  internal, external and obstetric clinics.

3. The professional studies made at the Homeopathic School founded by various particulars in 1889, and which only to this purpose is declared National, are valid. A special regulation will indicate the required courses to obtain the degree for this profession.

4. The Homeopath Medical Surgeons qualified according to this decree will have the same rights and obligations of the Allopath Medical Surgeons.

TRANSITORY

The present decree will begin to rule on January 1st, 1896.

Therefore, I order it printed, Published, circulated and be given full compliment. 

Given in the Palace of the Executive Power of the Union, in México, July 31st, 1895-. Porfirio Díaz.

Liberty and Constitution. México, August 10th, 1895.-Romero Rubio(signature).

The rules that would direct the school were also formulated.  (40).

The newly founded school was installed at the National Homeopathic Hospital, and courses began alter a solemn inauguration ceremony on January 4th 1896. (41).

Under the direction of Dr. Segura y Pesado both institutions functioned without problems and protected by the government.

In 1900, the “Homeopathic Academy of Mexico” was founded, with the ideal of practicing and spreading an orthodox homeopathy, the closest to Hahnemann’s ideas. Its founders were Higinio G. Pérez, Francisco Castillo, and Luis F. Porragas.  Honorary Presidency and Vice-presidency were awarded to Joaquín Segura Pesado and Ignacio Fernández de Lara respectively (42). Soon, several Doctors joined the Academy and its Works, among them Rafael Isaías y Fernández, José M. Nicoli, Rafael Conde Perea, Manuel Machado Sosa and Manuel Lizama (42).

The group functioned less than a year. The last activity recorded was the commemoration of Hahnemann’s death on July 2nd, 1910, in a solemn evening (43).

The Homeopathic Academy of Mexico disappeared, nevertheless, its members played an important role in the history of Homeopathic Medicine in our country in the years to come.

On October 12, 1912, Dr. Higinio G. Pérez founded the Free School of Homeopathy, in very special circumstances, under the motto “for truth and wellness”.

The country experienced a spirit of liberty and democracy after the end of General Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorship, and it was living through a renovation period (1). Dr Pérez was a teacher at the National School of Homeopathic Medicine, which depended directly of the government. When he retired he was visited by a group of ex-pupils who asked him to give lectures on homeopathic medicine. In time, the idea developed of founding a school without the tutorship of the government, and orientated to the working class. Dr. Pérez, accompanied by a group of both homeopathic and traditional doctors, began the project (44).

The Free School of Homeopathy was founded under three premises:

-Freedom of professional teaching.

-Possibility for the working class to acquire a superior level education.

-Sticking to the orthodox canons of the teaching and practice of  

homeopathic medicine.

The School operated in a very special way. It was installed in Dr, Higinio G. Pérez’s own house in the Streets of Santa Lucía 6, in the populous neighborhood of Peralvillo, and was supported from the founder’s own purse. Teachers didn’t collect a penny for teaching, and the small fees paid by the pupils were used to support fixed expenses of the institution. Classes began on January 1913, a little alter the “tragic decene”[†] and continued during the period of the Mexican revolution (45). Class schedules were orientated to the working class, so classes were given from 6:30 to 9:00 AM, and from 6:00 to 10PM. Dissection classes were held in the amphitheater of the Dolores Cemetery (the first civilian graveyard established in the 19^th century in Mexico City), where the pupils made their practices. A special characteristic of the school was the great union and fellowship between pupils and teachers.  From 1917 on, the Junior High School and the High School annex to the institution began its functions. This allowed the students to regularize their studies, because finishing high school was a requisite to enter the school. This requisite was not demanded by all schools at that time (45).

From the beginning, the school had teaching dispensaries, and from 1918, it formed a network of popular consultories that served the population. The Dr. Higinio G. Pérez Hospital began functioning in 1917 as an annex of clinical teaching for the students.

In 1915, the School rented an old house in the street of La Paz 24 (today Jesús Carranza), to go later on to the beautiful baroque building of Academy 18. When the Secretary of education moved to the building, the Free School returned to Santa Lucía 6, where it remains to this day. (46).

The first legal support of the school was the 3d constitutional article, which consecrated the freedom of teaching.

During the difficult years of the Mexican revolution the pupils of the Free School, led by Pastor G. Rocha visited Venustiano Carranza’s camp, before he entered Mexico City, and explained to him the necessity of specific legislation for the Free School. The leader received them and promised his support.

On the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution, the XXVII fraction of the 73rd article supported the existence of superior education not causing expenses to the national budget (47); it was the answer of Carranza to the petition of the sons of the Free School.

That same year Dr. Alfredo Ortega founded the Free Homeopathic Institute of Mexico, which finally integrated in 1946 to the National School because it couldn’t obtain its officialization (28).

On July 2nd 1918, the first monument to Hahnemann in Latin America was inaugurated, thanks to the efforts of Higinio G. Pérez and the School of Homeopathy. 

It was a bust sculpted at the National Fine Arts Academy by Dr. Trinidad Alvarado, a graduate from the Free School and an ornamented rectangular column that had the name of Hahnemann between two triumph lectors (45).

In spite of the Mexican Revolution, both schools and the Hospital worked without major problems; the situation in the country was too complicated to fix an eye on the homeopaths. 

STAGE III

THE WAR YEARS (1918-1940)

 These 22 years are characterized by terrible conflicts and persecutions against homeopathic doctors and their doctrine.

Unfortunately they also characterized by struggles between the homeopaths, because both schools didn’t have a good relationship. In fact the doctors of the National School never accepted the Free School or its graduates.

The first attack against the Free School of Puebla occurred in 1918, when the Governor, allopathic Doctor Alfonso Cabrera issued a decree to sanction the exercise of homeopathy in the state. Dr. Juan Ollivier raised a warrant in name of all the Poblan homeopaths against such injustice. After reaching de Supreme Justice Court of the Nation, and a two year trial, the Governor was defeated (48).

In the capital city, the free school had problems since 1921, when the XXVII fraction of article 73 of the Constitution was derogated. The first action was to declare void the death certificates issued by its graduates alleging that they were not valid. Licentiate Querido Moheno, a person in the juridical circles of the time held the trial before the Supreme Court of Justice, winning it in favor of the doctors of the Free School. In 1926, the new Sanitary code forced schools to register their degrees through the National University of Mexico (not yet Autonomous), which of course denied registry (47). This, in spite of the fact that graduates from the school, like Dr. Eliud García Treviño, had fulfilled the requirements to practice in the United States of America, and were members of Unites States homeopathic societies.

The free school was supervised by outstanding personalities in Mexican politics, like the Rector of the National University, Licentiate José Vasconcelos who in 1920 pronounced the celebrated phrase:

“The University is eager to give its help anytime to the Free School of Homeopathy”.

On that occasion the Director, Master Higinio G. Pérez, politely declined the offer of incorporating the institution to the National University with a prophetic vision, because the national School which was incorporated later in 1923 almost disappeared (8).

Little did the words of Vasconcelos serve, because Dr. Alfonso Pruneda, Rector of the University in 1926 didn’t even agree to examine the graduates of the free School who applied for exams to qualify (47).

 President Plutarco Elías Calles was sympathetic with the cause of homeopaths, and sent the minister of Education, Dr. José Manuel Puig Casauranc to inspect the School. The Minster’s dictate was completely favorable, but the government didn’t take any measures to solve the problem.

In the midst of a great number of problems, the Free School of Homeopathy organized the first international homeopathic congress on Latin-American soil, when celebrating the centenary of the Doctoral Jubilee of Hahnemann from August 10th to 16th, 1929, sponsored by the Secretary of Public Education. The site of the event, which had been celebrated previously only in Europe, was the Pan-American Hall of the National Palace (49). It wasn’t until that year when President Emilio Portes Gil a Graduate of the Free Law School, and Provisional President then, issued a decree that backed the existence of free schools and in 1930, the decree that supported the institution legally.

In 1933, the Deputies Chamber revised article 4 of the constitution that regulated the professional practice in our country. Excluding homeopathic medicine was in the project, and legislators were on the verge of achieving it (47). Thanks to the vigorous response of homeopaths through Dr. Castro, who was a deputy then, the project was frustrated (29).

In those days the Free School of Homeopathy of Puebla was assaulted by the pupils of the allopathic school, fighting free hand with the concierge of the school, and with the Director of the School, Dr. Victor Manuel Oropeza, who grabbed the standard of the institution from the hands of the aggressors (48).

The National School also experienced very bad moments since its independence from the Government Secretary in 1923. First it was incorporated into the National University, where it was initially granted a good budget, which was ill managed by the way (29). It was converted into a specialty, dependent on the Faculty of High Studies [‡]. We must say that its board of directors didn’t move a finger to defend it (8).

Since 1928, thanks to the decree issued by President Calles, the school formed part of the Secretary of Public Education (29). First it was located at the National Homeopathic Hospital, and latter it roamed through the house of some directors (Fidel de Régules and José Mayoral Pardo). When the school was about to starve, after multiple attacks from allopaths and authorities, the definitive suspension of classes was ordered in 1934. Students had formed a civil association the year before, and pressed legally to avoid disaster.  It is important to mention that the leaders of this movement were Luis R. Salinas Ramos, Pedro Castellanos del Saz, and Juan Manuel Ortiz de Zárate (8). This struggle involved  legal resources, mobilization of workers and professionals syndicates, and even the threat of a general strike in Technical Schools. As a result of this fight the National School went under the tutorship of Engineer Juan de Dios Bátiz, in the Department of Technical Education in 1935, and that was one of the founding schools of the National Polytechnic Institute in 1937 (8).

In 1936, Rafael López Hinojosa founded the laboratory “Propulsora de Homeopatía, S.A.”

Not all authorities could be defeated, and unfortunately the School of Homeopathic Medicine of Yucatán, and the Hahnemann Hospital, were closed arbitrarily by the Governor Engineer Canto Echeverría, on February 11th, 1938. In spite of a decree of the State’s legislature and the directives, Drs. Rafael Colomé and Alonso V. Gamboa interposed an interdiction trial (6), both were attacked and  even threatened with death, (29) so they desisted. The school and the hospital disappeared.

In one more of the innumerable troubles of the Free School, the President of the Republic, ill advised by some homeopaths who were enemies of the Free School, tried to derogate the decree that gave it legal support and destroy the institution in 1939 (29). It is strange that at the beginning of his government, the members of the directive board of the school were invited to General Cardenas’s inauguration, and later he issued a decree to close it (50).

All kinds of resources to defend it were used, from an interdiction trial to closing the building and putting strike flags at the doors to avoid its closure. Teachers supposedly on strike didn’t earn a salary. In the most critical moments, pupils took cover on the roof with bricks and stones, ready to fight before letting their school die. After almost a year of anguish, Dr. Julio Ulloa, director of the school and the member of the Administrative Technical Counsel, got a favorable decree. Interdiction trial 161-939 issued in 1940 voids the unconstitutional acts of the President of the Republic, The Public Education Secretary and the Chief of Police of the Federal District (4). Once again, Homeopathy had won.        

 

STAGE IV

STABILTY AND PROGRESS (1940-1960)

These two decades are characterized by the celebration of the first homeopathic congresses on National soil, and by a silent and lethargic growth and rebuilding stage of the institutions.

The National School brought to Mexico the Pan-American Homeopathic Congress for the first time, in its XI celebration in October 1940.

In 1943, the Free School commemorated the centenary of Samuel Hahnemann’s passing with the first National Congress of Homeopathic Medicine (51).

On July 15^th, of the same year, the 50^th anniversary of the National Homeopathic Hospital was celebrated. Among other ceremonies, a monument to the four founders of the hospital was inaugurated (38).

The monument was a beautiful obelisk with a referring plate and a brass olive crown that framed the date of foundation of the hospital. 

The 2^nd National Congress to be celebrated in Michoacán in 1944 was finally celebrated in Mexico City under patronage of the Free School.

The XVII Pan-American Homeopathic Medical Congress was celebrated in 1946 in Oaxaca City (52).

In spite of the fact that the worst had passed, there were still problems; the National School moved around to several locations, among them the National Homeopathic Hospital until 1949, the year in which it settled for a longer time period (53).

In the State of Jalisco, history tells the sad luck of the existing official institutions (54). The Free Homeopathy School of Guadalajara, founded in 1925 by Higinio G. Pérez and the Homeopathic Institute of Jalisco, founded in 1930 by Dr. Luis Jáuregui, both with official recognition, were fused in 1945 to form the Homeopathic Medicine School of Occident, with the intention of complying with   the ever more complicated requisites of the Secretary of Public Education. This new institution was subject to the National School. Unfortunately, this growing  school lasted only four years, due to the same internal instability of the national Homeopathic Medicine School, and of the pressure and exigencies of the same school (29). On August 22, 1949, the dissolution act was formalized 18), with which the official teaching of Homeopathy disappeared in Jalisco up to now (54).

In 1951, the “Homeopath Medical Surgeons and Midwifery Association of the Center“ was born in Irapuato, State of Guanajuato. It was the first association that reunited graduates form the National School and of the Free School, in harmony and cooperation, a situation not seen previously in history (12).  

This group functions nowadays constituted as a college, and it is one of the institutions that have been active for a longer time in the history of homeopathic medicine in our country.

Nineteen fifty one was also a stage of change in the Free School of Homeopathy, when Dr. Leonardo Jaramillo left the General Direction of the school. Dr. Jaramillo was the last disciple of Dr. Higinio G. Pérez to direct the school. From that moment on, things began to change within the institution until they reached terrible excesses.

The III National Congress was held in Mexico City in November 1951, under the organization of both schools (55).

The IV National Congress was celebrated in 1954, under patronage of both schools, and it was the last of this nature in seventeen years (56).

The XXVII^th Pan-American Homeopathic Medical Congress was celebrated in Mexico City in October 1956 ((57).

This stage is closed with the celebration of the XXXI^st Homeopathic Medical Congress in Mexico City in 1960 (58).

STAGE V

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMS (1960-1998)

            The fifth stage in history of Homeopathic Medicine in Mexico was characterized by a strengthening of both schools and congresses and also of study groups. It is during this lapse when more reunions have been celebrated and more schools have opened than ever. During the period, six monuments to homeopathy were erected and two existing were remodeled. There have been conflicts with the authorities and also among homeopaths.

The beginning of this stage is the foundation of “Homeopatía de México, A.C." (Homeopathy of Mexico) on September 23d, 1960 by Proceso Sánchez Ortega, David Flores Toledo and Ranulfo Moreno, with the purpose to spread, study and practice Hahnemannian homeopathy. The expulsion from the Free School of the last orthodox homeopaths (29), resulted in the strengthening of this institution, which has maintained itself as the first institution of orthodox Hahnemannian teaching in Mexico.

This group, founded with the intention of keeping alive the flame that Master Pérez lit in 1919, was the first one to teach homeopathy at a postgraduate level, and has deepened its study of miasmas, an aspect which has characterized this school the world over.

It was also Homeopathy of Mexico which returned Mexican Homeopathy to the international field, with the organization of the General Assemblies and two congresses of the Liga Medicorum Homeopathica Internationalis, in 1980 in Acapulco, State of Guerrero (59), and in 1995 in Oaxaca, State of Oaxaca (60), and with the participation of its professors in courses abroad, both in Latin America and Europe.

The General Assemblies of Homeopathy of Mexico, reunions with international congress began in 1964, having held to date 22 reunions, including the world congresses of 1980 and 1995. Twelve outside reunions have been held also with a national character. During several years they were the only homeopathic events that were held regularly on a National basis.

The Pan American congress was held in Mexico again in 1964 in its XXXVth session 6), in Mérida, State of Yucatán. In 1968 the XXXIXth reunion was held in Mexico City (62). It has been held on eight more occasions in diverse states of the Republic:

XLI in México City, 1970 (63).

XLIII in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, 1972 (64)

XLIV in Mexico City, 1973 (65)

XLVI in Mexico City, 1978 (66)

XLIX in Guanajuato, Guanajuato in 1981 (67)

LI in Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1984 (68)

LII in Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1987 (69)

LIII in Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1991 (70).

            The National congresses of Homeopathy were held again in 1971 (71), with the fifth in 1971, and the sixth in 1973. Alter these they were celebrated irregularly until 1996, since then they are celebrated annually. Other international congresses held in our country have included the First International Homeopathy Encounter, organized by the National School in 1976, in Acapulco, State of Guerrero and the I.H. M. O. in 1990 in Mexico City. Three history forums have also been organized by the enthusiastic Homeopaths of the “Bajío” (Mexican Spanish for “Lowlands”) during the years 194, 1996 and 1998. This group organized Homeopathic-Medical Journeés in the 70’s and 80’s.

Nowadays there are eight monuments to Hahnemann and his followers, erected in different years:

1973- Monument to Hahnemann in the park of Santiago Tlatelolco (73).

1978- Mausoleum to Higinio G. Pérez in the Free School of Homeopathy (74).

1985- Monument to Hahnemann in the National School of Medicine and Homeopathy (75).

1991- Monument to Hahnemann in Oaxaca (74).

1992- Monument to Hahnemann in Guadalajara (76).

1997- Monument of the centennial at the National School of Medicine and Homeopathy (74). 

            The decade of the eighties was especially rich in troubles and difficulties overall at the National Homeopathic Hospital.

In 1984, the General Health Law was formulated to direct all the health policies in the country. Homeopathic Medicine was not in this law, and it was said that the government intended to close the hospital. Through marches, demonstrations and publications in the newspapers the doctors in the Hospital and in the School pressed the authorities until they achieved the inclusion of homeopathy in the mentioned law (77).

This conflict motivated the formation of an organism that should join all the homeopathic institutions existing in Mexico. With this goal the National Homeopathic Consultive Counsel was born; it connects all the homeopathic schools of the country, the laboratories, colleges, associations, etc., and it is directly responsible for dialogue with Mexican authorities (78).

In 1986, the National Hospital was threatened again. Because of the earthquake of 1985, and the subsequent destruction of hospitals, the government tried to install in the grounds of the National Homeopathic Hospital an allopathic hospital, making the institution vanish. The doctors and personnel mounted guard day and night at the doors of the hospital to impede this effort, while new movements and publications in protest were made because of the planned tramping of their rights. Finally, the government denied it had the intention of installing the personnel and equipment of the Juárez Hospital there (79).

During that year the Free School suffered the worst crisis in its history. The slow process begun in 1951 ended in a terrible situation that impeded the qualification of graduates and left the school in anarchy and violence. Authorities of the school didn’t comply with requisites of the General Law of Education, so the government suspended the registry of professional degrees. Conflicts with the health and education authorities and within the school itself ended in a student’s coup that caused a total chaos without a recognized authority. Other coups and conflicts occurred constantly leaving the school in emptiness.

The students asked the government to reach an agreement with the National School to qualify the graduates who were (80).

Finally, alter 13 years of all kind of problems, the Free School found itself under a reconstruction period. Relations wit the Health and Education Secretaries were normalized, and the titulation process is open again; the school enjoys all the rights that the decree issued by president Emilio Portes Gil granted it on January 18^th, 1930.

Postgraduate studies, which have named this stage of homeopathic medicine, have generalized in our country, and now they exit in several states of the republic. I will only mention those with an official recognition by the governments, and that give specialty level knowledge.

The National School has postgraduate studies in homeopathic therapeutics, officially recognized in 1982 (81).

The Institute of Superior Studies of Oaxaca has the specialty in homeopathy, legally recognized since 1985 (82).

The Superior Institute of Homeopathic Medicine Education and Research of Monterrey, Nuevo León, achieved official recognition in 1982 (81).

The Institute of Technological and Superior Studies “Matatipac”, of Tepic, State of Nayarit, officialized its courses in 1991 (84).

The postgraduate school of Homeopathy of Mexico has the Specialization in Homeopathy, officially recognized since 1996 (85).

In August 1990, The II Congress of the International Homeopathic Medical Organization is held in Mexico City (86).

In 1992, the Mexican Council of Certification in Homeopathy is founded in León, State of Guanajuato (87).

During the Works of the XVIII National Congress of Homeopathic Medicine, held in Monterrey, Nuevo León, the National Academy of Homeopathic Medicine was installed, with the participation of several groups of the national homeopathic community.

In 1998, the Pharmacopea Homeopatica of the Mexican United States was edited for the first time by the Secretary of Health (88).

                                       STAGE VI (1998-    )

MODERNITY

This new stage in the history of homeopathy is born with the promulgation of the Law for the Exercise of Professions in the State of Jalisco on January 15^th, 1998. This document recognizes in its Chapter II, article 5th the profession of homeopathy, totally separated from Medicine (89). This had never happened in our country, and it has grave implications. The third transitory article gives people who pretend to be homeopaths a year to regularize, without any official document. Allopath doctors who have studied Homeopathy as a medical specialty will immediately get their license as homeopaths. The State of Jalisco was characterized by the great number of practitioners it had and in the last years this situation has aggravated. There are around 60 schools where “homeopathy” is taught. In most of them people with only high school as a requisite can study, and sometimes not even that. The government of the state has officially authorized several schools to teach the profession of homeopathy free from medicine, without the requisites that any conscious doctor could imagine.

A Homeopathy Academic group functions within the Inter-institutional Commission for the Formation of Human Resources in Health (ICFHRH) since May, 1999.

Many schools have been founded, not only in the State of Jalisco. Some are serious schools which satisfy all the official requirements, but the majority are schools which do not cover the minimal requirements. Paradoxically, serious institutions which have followed all the legal standards of the ICFHRH, and in fact have obtained the Official Studies Validation Recognition, haven’t been able to get  validation by the State authority. 

The National Homeopathy Congresses have been being celebrated yearly. The XXVth was celebrated in the Congress Unit of the National Medical Center, site, which in previous years couldn’t have been dreamed of.

The National School of Medicine and Homeopathy of the National Polytechnic Institute presented in 2003-2004 a mixed plan, in which the pupil can choose to follow the Medical Surgeon Career, without having in his curriculum a single homeopathic asignature, or to follow the career of Surgeon and Homeopath Doctor that has traditionally been taught at this institution. This academic plan has been credited by the Mexican Counsel for the Accreditation of Medical Education, Civil Association. For the first time, the National School offers the Allopathic doctor career.

The Collage of Homeopathic Doctors of the Center has kept celebrating the National History Forums in its sessions IV, V and VI of the years 2000, 2002 and 2004.

Homeopathy of Mexico A. C. has continued its annual reunions; one year Congress Assembly with the character of international congress, and alternately, the Reunion of External Groups, whose XV edition was celebrated in Culiacán, State f Sinaloa.

The National Homeopathic Hospital has again been the focus of the trade in the last years. With the decentralization policy begun in 1986, it was in risk of loosing its budget and disappearing. In fact there was the chance that it might become part of the Private Assistance Committee of the Federal District. Nevertheless, from one moment to another, its situation turned 180 degrees. Now it depends of the General Direction of Coordination and Development of Federal Reference Hospitals, and it is the nucleus of a pilot plan to install homeopathic consultories in the hospitals of the Health Secretary. On February 17^th of this year a workshop to present this program was held with the participation of a great number of members of the national homeopathic community contributing interesting suggestions for the realization of this project.

EPILOGUE

This modest essay is the first attempt to consign for history the good and bad moments homeopathic medicine has lived through in Mexico during a century and a half.

Our discipline has experienced difficult transitions, not only in this country, but the world over. Almost everywhere, history repeats itself: persecutions, problems, great personal and institutional achievements. In spite of it all, the seed planted in 1810, when Samuel Hahnemann published the first edition of the Organon of Medicine, initiating a profound reform in the medical thinking of mankind, has taken root. At last homeopathy has its place among the sciences.

Mexico was the first country in the world that gave homeopathic medicine  official recognition, and to date it is one of the few with a hospital and a school supported by the government.

It is now our turn to continue writing the history.

REFERENCAS HEMERO-DOCUMENTALES

1.- Pazos, Luis. “Historia Sinóptica de México”. Ed Diana, México D. F. 1993.

2.-  Martínez Camargo, Angel. Ensayo de la Historia de la Medicina Homeopática en México. La Homeopatía de México, N°343   Febrero de 1972. México D. F.

3.- Salinas Ramos Luis. Síntesis para la historia general de la medicina en México. Revista MH N° 34 1984.México D. F.

4.- Pirrón Q. Leonardo 1er Secretario del Juzgado 1º de distrito. Juicio de amparo 161-939.

5.- Comellas, Ramón. "Reseña sobre la homeopatía dedicada a los mexicanos". Establecimiento tipográfico de Andrés Boix. México. 1853.

6.- Romero, Rafael. Historia de la Medicina Homeopática. Enciclopedia Yucatanense. Tomo IV. Segunda Edición. Edición oficial el gobierno de Yucatán. México D. F. 1977.

7.- Pulido A. María Eugenia. La Fiebre Amarilla en México y su relación con la Homeopatía en el siglo XIX. Memorias del III Foro Nacional "Presencia de la Homeopatía en México, Historia y Evolución". Irapuato, México. 1998.

8.- Oseguera A. Jorge. Antecedentes históricos del inicio de la Homeopatía en México. Boletín Mexicano de Homeopatía. Vol. 28. Núm. 2. Jul.-Dic. 1995 México.

9.- Hill, John D. Informe suplemental sobre homeopatía en México. La Homeopatía de México. N° 15. Agosto de 1942. México D. F.

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11.- González, Julián. Tratado práctico de homeopatía y guía de las familias. Imprenta de la viuda e hijos de Murguía. México. 1879.

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13 Márquez San Juan, Manuel. Apuntes para la historia de la homeopatía en México. Compendio de Terapéutica y Materia Médica Homeopática. B. Jain Publishers PVT. Ltd. New Delhi, India. 1990.

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16.- Bonilla, Juan Crisóstomo PERIODICO OFICIAL, del Gobierno del Estado. Puebla de Zaragoza, Sábado 18 de Enero de 1879.  Número. 6

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28.- Salinas Ramos Luis. Síntesis para la historia general de la medicina en México. Revista MH N° 34 1984.México D. F.

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30.-  Gacetilla .“La Homeopatía”. Tomo I. N° 1 Ciudad de México, Septiembre 5 de 1893.

31.- Directorio social. “La Homeopatía”. Tomo I. N° 2 Ciudad de México, Octubre  5 de 1893.

32.- Directorio social. “La Homeopatía”. Tomo I. N° 21 Ciudad de México, Mayo  5 de 1895.

33.- “La Homeopatía” Año XVI N° 11 Noviembre – Diciembre de 1913.

34.- La Homeopatía de México. Tercera época. N°2 Julio de 1941. México D. F.

35.- Gacetilla .“La Homeopatía”. Tomo I. N° 20 Ciudad de México, Mayo 5 de 1895.

36.- Segura y Pesado, Joaquín, et al. Solicitud de apertura del Hospital Nacional Homeopático. 26 de junio de 1893. Archivos del Hospital Nacional Homeopático de la Secretaría de Salud. México D. F.

37.- Archivo Histórico de la S. S. A: F-BP, S-EH, Sc-HNH, Lg-1, Exp-1.

38.- Peréz Vargas, Celiano. Las Bodas de Oro del Hospital Nacional Homeopático. La Homeopatía de México. No 26. Septiembre de 1943. México D. F.

39.- Decreto Presidencial número 13,137.

40.- Decreto Presidencial número 13, 143

41.- La Homeopatía. Febrero de 1896. Año III Número 6. México D. F.

42.- Libro de Actas de la Academia Homeopática de México. Archivos de la Escuela Libre de Homeopatía de México I. A.P México D. F.

43.- La Homeopatía. Año XVI, Número 10. Julio y Agosto de 1910. México D. F.

44.- Delgado Crespo Angel "Como Nació la Escuela Libre de Homeopatía de México"    La Homeopatía de México.  Núm. 421.   Octubre de 1979.  México, D. F.

45.- Moheno, Querido. "En defensa de los homeópatas", Reseña histórica de la Escuela Libre de Homeopatía. México D. F. 1924.

 46.- Jaramillo, Leonardo. "Ligera reseña de la evolución de la Escuela Libre de Homeopatía de México". La Homeopatía en el Mundo. Año 12-IX 1961-1962. Números 1 y 2. México D. F.

47.- De la Barrera, Beltrán. "Los Médicos de la Escuela Libre de Homeopatía y los Artículos 3º y 4º Constitucionales". Folleto. Escuela Libre de Homeopatía de México" Enero de 1934.  México, D. F.

48.- López G. Carlos. Historia de la Homeopatía en Puebla. Memorias del III Foro Nacional “Presencia de la Homeopatía en México, Historia y Evolución”. Irapuato, México. 1998.

49.- Rodrígues Galhardo José Emygdio. Inicicao Homoeopathica. Typ. Henrique de Sondermann. Río de Janeiro, Brasil. 1936.

50.-  Diario Oficial de la Federación. 23 de enero de 1939. Decreto por el cual se deroga el que otorgó el reconocimiento y los privilegios de ley, a la Escuela Libre de Homeopatía de México..

51.- La Homeopatía de México. 3a. Epoca.  No. 21  Febrero-Marzo de  1943. México D.F.

52.- La Homeopatía de México. 4a. Epoca.  No. 4.Junio de 1946. México D. F.

53.- Salinas Ramos Luis. “Peregrinar de la Escuela Nacional de Medicina Homeopática de 1896 a 1973”. Revista MH. Número 7 abril 1973.

54.- Michel A. Fernando et al. Desarrollo de la Homeopatía en Jalisco hasta los años 50s. Sinopsis del I Foro Nacional, Presencia de la Homeopatía en la  Provincia Mexicana, Historia y Crónica. San Miguel de Allende, México. 1994.

55.- "Informes del III Congreso Nacional de Medicina  Homeopática". .La Homeopatía en el Mundo. No. 4 Año II Julio-Agosto de 1951 

56.- La Homeopatía en el Mundo.  Año 5-II.  Mayo-Junio de 1954   No. 3.

57.- La Homeopatía en el Mundo.  Año 7-IV  Segundo Semestre de 1956  No. 2. "Editorial y Noticiero"

58.- La Homeopatía de México. No.242  Mayo de 1960.

59.- Ecos del XXXV Congreso Internacional y la IX Asamblea General de Homeopatía de México A. C. La Homeopatía en el Mundo. Número Especial. 1980

60.- Memorias del 50 Congreso de la Liga Medicorum Homoeopathica Internationalis. Oaxaca, Oax. México. 1995

61.- La Homeopatía de México.  No.271-272-Vol.XV     Octubre- Noviembre de 1964. México D. F. México.

62.-  La Homeopatía de México.  6a. Epoca.  No.301 Vol.XV.  Febrero de 1968. México D. F. México.

63.- La Homeopatía de México.  6a. Epoca.  No.330-Vol. XV  Noviembre de 1970.

64.-  La Homeopatía de México.  6a. Epoca.  No.350-Vol.XVI  Septiembre de 1972.

65.- La Homeopatía de México.  6a. Epoca.  No.351-Vol.XVI  Octubre de 1972.

66.- La Homeopatía de México.  6a. Epoca.  No.412  Enero 1979  Informe del XLVI Congreso Médico Homeopático Panamericano.

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69.- La Homeopatía de México.  6a. Época.  No.508 y 509  Octubre y Noviembre de 1987.  "Premiaciones en el LII Congreso Médico Homeopático Panamericano y XI Congreso Nacional de Medicina Homeopática".

70.- La Homeopatía de México.  6a. Época.  No.547 abril de 1987 “Informes del LIII Congreso Médico Homeopático Panamericano y XIV Congreso Nacional de Medicina Homeopática” México D. F.

71.- La Homeopatía de México.  6a. Epoca.  No. 332-Vol.XVI. Enero de 1971.

72.- La Homeopatía de México.  6a. Epoca  No.348  Julio de 1972.

73.- Hermoso Monumento al descubridor de la homeopatía. La Homeopatía de México. Número 361 .Noviembre de 1973. México D. F:

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75.- Sin autor. Nuestra Portada. La Homeopatía de México. Número 479. Mayo de 1985. México D. F. México.

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78.-  Sin autor. Consejo Consultivo Nacional Médico Homeopático. Editorial. La homeopatía de México. No. 466 Abril de 1984. México D. F.

79.- Salinas Ramos Luis. “La homeopatía y el Hospital Nacional Homeopático en peligro”. Revista MH. No. 40 1986.

80.- Diario Oficial de la Federación. Secretaría de Educación Pública. Acuerdo  número 162 por el que se establecen las normas para la titulación de los egresados de la Escuela Libre de Homeopatía A. C. 31 de julio de 1992.

81.- Pulido Alvarez María Eugenia “Sección de Graduados e  Investigación de la Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del instituto Politécnico Nacional de 1980 1 1990.” Sinopsis del Primer Foro Nacional Presencia de la Homeopatía en la Provincia Mexicana,  Historia y Crónica. San Miguel de Allende, Gto. México D. F. 1994.

82.- Periódico Oficial del Gobierno del Estado de Oaxaca. Acuerdo Número 24. ¡8 de noviembre de 1985.

83.- Flores B. Hugo. Presencia de la Homeopatía en el Noreste, en especial en el estado de Nuevo León. .” Sinopsis del Primer Foro Nacional Presencia de la Homeopatía en la Provincia Mexicana,  Historia y Crónica. San Miguel de Allende, Gto. México D. F. 1994.

84.- Periódico Oficial del Estado de Nayarit. 10 de abril de 1991. Decreto No. 7403. Se autoriza y reconoce validez oficial a los estudios realizados en técnica y radiología y terapéutica homeopática en el instituto de Estudios Tecnológicos y Superiores “Matatipac” A. C..

85.- Secretaría de Educación Pública, Acuerdo No. 963093 del 22 de julio de 1996. Archivos de Homeopatía de México A. C.

86.- Memorias del II Congreso Internacional de la O.M.H.I. Agosto de 1990. México D. F.

87.- Gonzalez, Jose Luis. Antecedentes Históricos y Propósitos del C.O.M.E.C.H.. Memorias del V Foro Nacional de Historia de la Homeopatía. Presencia de la Homeopatía en México. San Miguel de Allende, Gto. México. 2004

88.- Farmacopea Homeopática de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, Secretaría de Salud. México D. F. 1998.

89.- Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco, Secretaría General de Gobierno. Ley para el Ejercicio de las Profesiones del Estado de Jalisco. Dirección de Publicaciones. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México 1998.

Dr. Fernando Darío François-Flores

Archive Secretary of the L. M. H. I.
 Homeopatía de México A. C.
Carlos B. Zetina 57 C. P. 11800
Mexico D. F. , Mexico