Inflammation of the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis) is a common external eye problem. Its symptoms are a diffusely reddened eye with a purulent or serous discharge accompanied by itching, stinging, or a […]

Amoebiasis is worldwide parasitic disease that is especially prevalent in the tropical countries. More than 10% of the population of the world is estimated to be suffering from E. histolytica infection; the […]

What is Presbycusis?

Hearing loss is classified as sensorineural (inner ear or neural etiology), conductive (due to the inability of sound to reach the inner ear from an external ear, tympanic membrane or […]

Repetitive Stress Injury is also known as, repetitive strain injury, work related upper limb disorder (WRULD), and occupational overuse syndrome. Specific disorders that may fall under the classification of […]

Optic atrophy, or degeneration of the optic nerve, can develop spontaneously (primary) or can follow inflammation or edema of the nerve head (secondary). Some forms of this condition may subside without treatment, […]

The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta. In patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the lumen of the ductus remains open after birth. This creates a left to […]

Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that line the thoracic cavity and fold in to cover the lungs. Pleurisy may be characterized as dry or wet.

In dry pleurisy, little or no abnormal fluid […]

An ingrown toenail occurs when the nail on a toe grows into the skin. The condition can be painful and look unpleasant, but it seldom does much damage. It occurs when one of the sides of the toenail grows into and […]

Definition

Graves’ disease is a form of thyroid autoimmune disease characterized by diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, thyrotoxicosis due to excessive thyroid hormone synthesis, and presence of thyroid […]

Failure of either contractility or deglutitive inhibition will result in failure of bolus progression and will be felt by the patient as Dysphagia. Excessive peristaltic contraction of the esophagus (nutcracker […]

Hairy tongue is due to hyperplasia and elongation of the filiform papillae, which form hair-like overgrowths on the dorsum. The filaments can be several millimeters long. The color varies from pale brown to […]

Spleen

The spleen is an important organ of the body. Its main function is to filter the blood and to make antibodies. An enlarged spleen, which can be felt through the walls of the abdomen, is often an […]

What is dialysis?

Dialysis is a scientific term for the movement of substances across a membrane by a process called diffusion. If a great deal of a substance is in one place, some of that substance will tend […]

Sciatica, or sciatic neuritis, is pain along the large sciatic nerve that runs from the lower back down through the buttocks and along the back of each leg. It is relatively common form of back pain.

The pain […]

Introduction

Ascites is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The predominant cause of Ascites in the United States is cirrhotic liver disease, which accounts for -80% of all cases. Ascites may […]

Once one of the most dreaded diseases of childhood, scarlet fever is now far less prevalent and its symptoms are less severe.

Scarlet fever is an infectious disease that is caused by a bacterium. It is […]

The vestibular system appears to be the sources of the symptoms of motion sickness (airsickness). People who do not have functioning semicircular canals as result of a birth defect, surgical removal, or disease do […]

WHAT IS HEART ATTACK

Heart attack or myocardial infarction (medically called MI or Coronary Thrombosis) is the consequence of complete obstruction of blood supply to a part of the heart muscles. This occurs due […]

What is gout?

Gout can occur in anyone, irrespective or age or sex, when the level of uric acid or, rather, sodium urate in their blood rises above its ‘solubility limit’ so that crystals from in the […]

The most common cause of water borne intestinal infection in the United States, giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by the GIARDIA LAMBLIA protozoa, which is found in the human intestinal […]

GENERAL INFORMATION

DEFINATION

Frostbite is the destruction of body tissue from exposure to temperatures or wind chill below freezing. Arms, legs, fingers, toes, face, nose, and ears are areas of the body […]

Fatty liver is an accumulation of fat in liver tissue. Ordinarily, the liver’s triglycerides are packaged into very-low- density lipoproteins (VLDL) and exported to the blood stream. Although the exact reason why […]

A group of tropical disease caused by a range of parasitic roundworms and larvae that transmit disease to humans. About 200 million people are affected by filariasis, which occurs in tropic and subtropics areas of […]

Dysuria- painful or difficult urination—is commonly accompanied by urinary frequency, urgency, or hesitancy. This symptom usually reflects lower urinary tract infection (UTI)—a common disorder, especially in […]

Threadworms, as the name suggests, are fine threadlike, centimeter long wrigglies that live in the gut of humans. All children will experience symptoms of threadworm infestation from time to time throughout […]

Crohn’s disease is a chronic disorder characterized by severe inflammation leading to ulceration of the interior of the intestines. It most often affects the lower part of the small intestine, but it can involve […]

Conjunctivitis, commonly called pink eye, is an inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the white portion of the eye.

Symptoms of pink eye include redness, swelling, itching, and […]

Dengue fever is systemic disease caused by one of four sero-types of virus from the genus Flavivirus, which also includes the pathogens responsible for yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis.

The first known […]

Definition

Diabetes is a clinic condition in which the body is not able to control the amount of glucose (a form of sugar) in the blood. Glucose is needed by the body to produce energy, but too much glucose […]

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes is the commonest type of diabetes, affecting almost 200 million people worldwide. In this article we will examine what causes type 2diabetes and why it is increasing at such an […]

Bronchiectasis is destruction and widening of the large airways that causes the flabby and scarred lungs.

Pathological types

Clinical types

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The term anosmia derives from the Greek an (without) and osme (odor); it refers to the absence or impairment of the sense of smell. Hyposmia refers to diminished olfactory functioning. Synonyms for this condition […]

Anuria is the complete absence of urine production. Oliguria is present when less than 30 ml of urine is excreted in twenty four hours. Anuria may occur due to Prerenal, renal and Postrenal causes.

The Prerenal […]

Astigmatism is a refractive condition in which the eye’s optical system is incapable of forming a point image for a point object. This is because the refracting power of the optical system varies from one meridian […]

The term “cold sore” describes a group of blisters that form around the mouth and inside the nose, usually toward the end of a cold—thus their name. The sores can be irritating, unsightly, and very […]

Erythema nodosum occurs as crops of tender, red nodules on the lower limbs over a period of a few weeks, associated with an identifiable trigger.

Etiology of erythema nodosum

Erythema nodosum is relatively […]

Iron is essential to health. It is needed to produce hemoglobin, which transports oxygen. Six percent of Americans (15 percent of young women) need extra iron, and it is frequently advised as a supplement. Healthy […]

Pityriasis rosea is a papulosqamous, self limiting condition, seen usually in adolescents and young adults. The etiology is unknown; however, it may be of viral origin. The lesions usually disappear in 6 to 8 […]

Epidemiology of rabies

Worldwide, canine rabies causes- 55,000 human deaths each year, most in Asia and Africa. In North America, bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes carry endemic rabies. Bats cause the most […]

What is stomach cancer?

Stomach cancer occurs when normal cells of the stomach transform into cancerous cells. The term stomach cancer, or gastric cancer, usually refers to adenocarcinoma of the stomach. It is […]

Introduction

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and its indigence is increasing. Differentiated thyroid cancer consists of papillary, follicular, and Hurthle cell histological types. […]

The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body. Since it consists of different types of cells, several types of tumors can form in the liver, depending on where cancer starts to develop. Liver cancer is […]

Introduction

Brain neoplasms are sometimes seen in cases referred to the medical examiner, and they generally fall into the following circumstances: sudden unexpected death, diagnostic failure (oversight), […]