Plants may be slow but, they are not stupid!

1.       Introduction

Encouraged by the interesting set of papers/interviews on Agro-Homeopathy in the December 2008 issue, I have sorted out some material on the geomagnetic sensitivity of plants from the past and added some measurements on plants and their interactions with homeopathic potencies. The title I have chosen for this is exemplified by the voltage waveforms of the sensitive plant Mimosa pudica.  They resemble action potentials slowed down by a factor of a thousand or more. I have re-considered the 1920’s discovery of mitogenetic radiation by Alexander and Lydia Gurwitsch[1]  in the ultra-violet, in the context of the fractality of frequencies in coherent systems, which I have discussed in my Chapters on “Homeopathy – How it works and how it is done”[2].

2.       The Gurwitsch Onion Experiment

Gurwitsch postulated that some cells must be emitting light which could regulate the rate of division of other cells. To confirm this, he positioned the roots of two onions perpendicularly and established that there was a relative increase in cells on the side of the root which would have received the radiation. The effect was blocked by interposing a piece of glass but not by a piece of quartz which transmits in the ultra-violet.

I have found that plants seem to have the equivalent of an acupuncture meridian, linking leaf and stem nodes, root branches and root tips. The root tip is where the Gurwitsches found mitogenetic radiation coming from. As described in Appendix 2, I thought that there ought to be lower frequency fractals in addition to the ultra-violet.

To investigate this possibility, a bunch of spring onions from a local supermarket was placed in water for 3 hours to encourage growth and then their low frequency fractals  were measured. They were also checked for the presence of ultra-violet by first covering the roots with a piece of glass (polished borosilicate) and then with a piece of quartz (polished fused silica); Table 1 compares the results.

Radiation from two of the onions from the bunch was transmitted through glass. Radiation from eight onions was transmitted through quartz but not through glass which is what Gurwitsch found, but radiation from two onions was not transmitted through either glass or quartz but only through air so it must have been radiating in the far ultra-violet. The optical to ELF frequency ratios at the glass and quartz limits are in good agreement (6.14 & 6.17×10¹³). The corresponding ratio for light irradiated water (Appendix 2, Table 1) is 8.25×10^13, but this is for optical radiation imprinted into coherent domains in water, not coherence domains in living cells. Thus, it must be concluded that plant  cells can emit radiation well into the ultra-violet and this opens up interesting photochemistry possibilities for living systems.

Table 1

Onion Roots: ELF and Optical Effects Compared

To investigate the effect of a homeopathic potency on this radiation, the onion with an ELF of 17 Hz was selected. A tablet of Phosphorous in the 6C potency which entrains a Poinsettia to 50.01 Hz was placed on the onion roots.  Within a second, there was no longer any transmission through the quartz. Scaling upwards from the ELF frequency for these roots the potency should have moved the radiation up to 90 nm, which corresponds to 11eV or 988 kJ/mol. This should not break up coherence domains as it is still below the 13.6eV ionization potential for water and the 12.06eV water line considered by Del Giudice and Preparata as responsible for the coherence domains in water which determine some of  its basic physical properties.

Since the photon energy ratios are of the order of 10¹³, any effect at this speed must be a quantum coherence effect and not a classical energy build-up from many low energy quanta. Energy would be supplied when the coherence is set up in the first place.

3.       Poinsettia

The meridian frequencies in a Poinsettia were imprinted into water in a pipette at a leaf node by bringing a strong bar magnet up close to the pipette tip (Figure 1). A pill of Sulphur 30C was then placed on the surface of the soil.  This entrained the meridian frequency from its endogenous value to the nearest frequency of the Sulphur 30C potency. This was repeated on three plants as shown in Table 2. The meridian frequency returned to near its original value as soon as the potency was removed. A pill of this same potency was “erased” by briefly shielding it  from the geomagnetic field in a steel box. This “erased” homeopathic pill  had no effect on the meridian frequency when placed on the surface of the soil.

Figure 1

Poinsettia showing Meridian Frequency Imprinting into a Pipette

Table 2.

Frequency Entrainment by a Homeopathic Potency

Table 3 shows the three frequencies measured from a leaf node of a poinsettia. These plant meridian frequencies are highly coherent but, less so than the theoretical and experimental bandwidths for a frequency imprinted into water. The response to the homeopathic potency was instantaneous not 3.8 minutes as in Table 3 so this was not a classical effect.

Table 3

Meridian Frequencies and Bandwidths for a Poinsettia.

Table 4 extends the measurements in Table 2 to many of the homeopathic potencies discussed in the December 2008 issue of hpathy.com  (i.e. as many as the writer had available). They are not necessarily the potencies recommended in the articles, but in general the higher potencies will contain higher frequencies in addition to those of the lower potencies. Only the lowest frequency fractal on the Poinsettia meridian was investigated, in order to demonstrate the phenomenon of entrainment. 

The combination of CarboVeg. and Nux vom. giving 7.8 Hz  is quite remarkable. This is the endogenous frequency of the heart meridian and is also a frequency of the Schumann Radiation from the  upper atmosphere under which life has evolved. If it also decontaminates water, this is an added gift from Nature.

Table 4

Frequency Entrainment of the Poinsettia Meridian by Homeopathic Potencies

Table 5

Combination Law for Frequencies

In my Chapters on“Homeopathy – How it works and how it is done”2, the  frequencies in potencies are seen to follow a power law. The frequencies  in Table 5 combine in a similar way. The product of the  Carbo. veg. and Nux. vom. frequencies raised to the power of -2.352   gives 7.8 Hz. The frequencies for  Carbo. veg.  (up arrows divided by down arrows) raised to the power of 0.4215 gives the combined frequency. Similarly, for Nux. vom. with the power -0.080. At present these powers can only be determined empirically but they are what is measured when the potency is placed in a Caduceus coil.

4.       Fertiliser

Chemicals that can hydrogen bond to water generate a characteristic  frequency pattern. This applies to agricultural chemicals. As an example, the nitrogenous fertiliser, “EC Fertiliser Sulphate of Ammonia 20 (ammoniacal nitrogen 20.0%)” was selected.  It was obtained from a garden centre.

The frequency pattern of the sulphate of ammonia powder and of a solution made up at the recommended liquid feed concentration of  30gm/9litres was used in these experiments with a Poinsettia plant. This chemical frequency pattern is shown in Table 6.  

Table 6

Frequencies of Sulphate of Ammonia both as Powder and at Liquid Feed Concentration.

­ = stimulatory (hyperactive);  ¯ = depressive or stressful (hypoactive).

Frequencies are given in Hertz (Hz) in scientific notation.

4.1     In Glass Jar Placed on Soil

The endogenous frequency of the Poinsettia’s meridian measured at a leaf node was ­3.115× 10^-1 Hz. Placing some of the sulphate of ammonia in a glass jar on the soil of the plant entrained the meridian to ­6.743× 10^-1 Hz. The same happened when a glass jar containing a solution of sulphate of ammonia at liquid feed concentration was placed on the soil.

The liquid feed concentration regarded as a Mother Tincture was potentised[4].  The resulting frequencies are listed in Table 7. The initial frequencies of the liquid feed concentration sulphate of ammonia remained constant throughout and were as listed in Table 6. Only those frequencies added through potentisation are shown in Table 7. The higher fractal frequency on the Poinsettia meridian was 24 MHz. This remained unaltered up the C200 potency.  The 1M potency entrained it to 30 MHz. All the lower potencies and the Mother Tincture had no effect on the 24 MHz fractal.

Table 7

Frequencies Added to those in Table 6 by Potentisations Shown.

­ = stimulatory (hyperactive);  ¯ = depressive or stressful (hypoactive).

Frequencies are given in Hertz (Hz) in scientific notation.

4.2     Watered on to Soil

Finally, 20 ml of the liquid feed concentration sulphate of ammonia was watered onto the soil. This was compared with watering 20 ml of a copy of its chemical frequency signature on to the soil. In both cases, the endogenous frequency of the meridian immediately became exactly that listed in Table 6 indicating that the plant had taken note of the change in its nutritional environment and that this change was characteristic of a nitrogenous fertiliser.

Table 8 compares the subsequent frequency patterns on the meridian. At the half-hour point, the Poinsettia must be doing something with the liquid feed whereas with the imprinted water it is saying, “Have read the menu, where is the food?”.

Table 8

Frequencies on the Poinsettia Meridian Following Watering with 20 ml of Liquid Feed Sulphate of Ammonia and Frequencies Copied into Water.

­ = stimulatory (hyperactive);  ¯ = depressive or stressful (hypoactive).

Frequencies are given in Hertz (Hz) in scientific notation.

The conclusion from this experiment is that plants can quickly become aware of changes in their nutritional environment through chemical frequency signatures even though as in the case of the potencies, there was nothing but frequency imprinted water. This was inside a glass jar and not in direct contact with the soil. The watering of a nitrogenous fertiliser or a copy of its chemical frequency signature onto the soil also had an immediate effect. The meridian was entrained to these frequencies and this persisted for about an hour before the meridian returned to its normal endogenous frequency.

The measurement of frequencies on a plant meridian offers the possibility of rapidly assessing the status of a plant and its response to an applied stimulus.

5.       Electrical Resistance Measurements on Plants

A paper written in the Summer of 1988 by the present writer and the student on whose project work it was based is given in Appendix 1. We never managed to get this work published.  It shows that a chlorided-silver electrode inserted into the stem of a plant and the wound allowed to heal, provides a stable electrical contact over a long period. Measurements of the electrical resistance between such an electrode and an electrode inserted into the soil showed changes following ultra-violet illumination and also periodic diurnal changes. The latter persisted even when the plant was kept in darkness.  They correlated with the fluctuations of the local geomagnetic field and could be provoked by exposure to an artificial magnetic field variation of the correct magnitude and rate of change. Our conclusion was that the plant could sense the arrival of sunlight in the ionosphere through the geomagnetic changes and prepare for photosynthesis as soon as dawn broke at sea level. This effect could be suppressed by keeping the plant in a strong magnetic field gradient so that it could not sense the geomagnetic changes. Leaving it there over a weekend nearly killed it.

Conclusions

This collection of miscellaneous experiments is intended to demonstrate the way that plants are making use of geomagnetic fields, and of frequencies covering much of the electromagnetic spectrum. If there was not a duality between the chemical bond and frequency, spectroscopic analysis would be impossible. Coherence makes frequency a fractal quantity linking the optical to the technological to the biological.

The frequency content of homeopathic potencies is able to entrain a plant’s meridian to the potency. The effects of some homeopathic potencies on plants are known. The next thing to find out is what bio-chemistry is switched on/off by these potencies and frequencies, remembering that because of frequency fractality, the possibility of photochemistry must be considered.

Referring to my title, "Plants may be slow but, they are not stupid!" the techniques described here enable one to make a rapid assessment of a plant’s status and intelligence about its environment without having to wait for some visible change in growth or habitat.

Appendix 1.

“Diurnal Periodicities in the Electrical Resistance Between Stem and Rooting Medium for Crassula and Dieffenbachia”

M.A. Britton and C.W. Smith,

Written in 1988 in the then Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering of the University of Salford, England, but remaining unpublished.

Abstract

The resistance of plant stems can be conveniently measured using a conventional bridge circuit connected between a ground electrode inserted into the rooting medium and a chlorided-silver electrode inserted into the plant stem. Two plant species were chosen: Crassula argenta a succulent needing warm light and dry conditions and Dieffenbachia picta superba needing shady moist and warm conditions. Recordings of the stem resistance showed regular diurnal fluctuations both in normal daylight and when in the total darkness of an incubator. These fluctuations correlated with the   natural local variations in the geomagnetic field but, they could be simulated by suitable laboratory generated magnetic fields. A phase lag of about 1½ hours was involved.

1.       Introduction

Previous work (Hart, 1985) showed that in vivo dielectric measurements on plant tissues can give stable readings which indicate the health of the plant and even show variations following injury and subsequent healing. The present paper describes a simple apparatus to monitor variations in the electrical resistance of plants. The results of preliminary measurements are correlated with the lighting and electromagnetic environment.

Two plant species chosen were representative of two very different growing environments. : Crassula argenta (Money of Jade) is a hardy succulent preferring warm light and dry conditions. The leaves are moist and approximately 700 sq. mm. in area. The other, Dieffenbachia picta superba (Leopard Lilly) is a tropical plant and enjoys shady moist and warm conditions. The leaves are 1mm thick and 500 – 1500 sq. mm. in area. The plants were purchased from a local supermarket.

2.       Apparatus

The basic problems in the design of apparatus to measure in vivo the electrical properties of plant tissues are firstly, the wide range of external factors which may affect the physiological state of the plant system and secondly, the possibility that the apparatus may contribute to these particularly through the variation in the electrode characteristics and physiological effects due to small currents entering the plant through the electrodes.

Preliminary experiments were made using electrodes in contact with the leaves and inserted into the stem. Although inserting an electrode into the stem produced localised damage, the wound soon healed and thereafter gave a stable contact if a chlorided-silver wire was used. With electrodes applied to the leaf, electrode noise, effects of mechanical disturbance and tissue damage produced by electrode jelly combined to give unsatisfactory results.   Accordingly, an electrode of chlorided-sliver wire 2 mm in diameter was inserted into the stem of each plant to be measured at about 20 mm above the soil level (Fensom, 1963; Carter and Blanchard, 1978). These were left in position for several days for the wound to heal.

The other electrode was a 2 mm. diameter wire inserted into the plant pot to a depth of about 50 mm. This was of copper which had been ‘tinned’ with a tin-lead solder. To reduce electrical interference, the plants were connected to the measuring circuit by a coaxial cable. The inner conductor was connected by a clip to the stem electrode. The outer conductor (brading) was connected to the soil electrode. 

Initial tests indicated that the resistance from the stem electrode to the soil electrode would be between 40 kΩ and 100 kΩ. The circuit used is shown in Figure 1. The switch S2 is a polarity reversing switch that permits the periodic polarity reversal of the 50 µA of bridge current flowing through the plant from the bridge circuit. This level of current appeared to be satisfactory although some of the stems on the Dieffenbachia produced more shoots when a current was flowing. The 100 kΩ variable resistance can be set to adjust the current in the plant according to its resistance. The 5 kΩ potentiometer gives fine adjustment of the bridge null-point. The amplifier was an inexpensive µ741 operational amplifier.  The bias conditions are a compromise between the limitations of the amplifier off-set current and the requirement to minimise the current passing through the plant stem. The gain of the amplifier could be adjusted by adding the variable resistor VR6 to the 200 kΩ.  The bridge and amplifier were independent of the mains supply being run from the three 9V batteries shown. The output was connected to a chopper-bar chart recorder (Goerz-Electro  Model 226253)  running on the 5 mA range at a speed of 20 mm/hr and sampling at 3 second intervals.

Stability was tested by connecting  a 40 kΩ  resistor to the input cable instead of the plant. No variation or drift was visible on the chart over an 8-hour period. The bridge circuit used is not linear when operated away from balance conditions. For plant resistances between 40 kΩ  and 80 kΩ the maximum non-linearity on the chart amounted to an acceptable ± 6%.

3.       Tests on the Plants

To test the overall reaction rate of the plant and measurement system, a specimen of  Dieffenbachia in which a stem electrode had been inserted and stabilised was connected to the bridge input cable. When the bridge output had become steady (the electrode time constant was about 10 seconds) the plant was exposed to ultra-violet light from a fluorescent tube for 2 minutes from a distance of ½ metre. There was a latency period of 1 minute after which the change in bridge output had a time constant of about 3½ minutes as shown in Figure 2. The decay of the response was much slower.

The two plant species used were placed day and night on a window ledge in the laboratory  as far as possible from electrical apparatus and where they would receive the normal environmental fluctuations of light and temperature. Their stem resistances were found to vary in synchronism as shown in Figures 3a and 3b.

To eliminate the variations of light and temperature the plants were placed inside an incubator set to 18 ± 0.1 °C giving shielding from light and all other electric and electromagnetic fields except for ELF and steady magnetic fields. The observed periodic variation in the resistance persisted as seen in Figures 4a and 4b.  Although the plants started to prepare for night as soon as they had been placed in the incubator, they both commenced to prepare for daylight and photosynthesis between 3 and 4 am (GMT), that is about 2 hours before local twilight (Reed, 1988). In England, in February  the twilight extends about  half-an-hour  either side of sunrise and sunset.

Since only ELF and magnetic field fluctuations could have reached the plant within the incubator to act as a ‘zeitgeber’, the plants were again placed on the window ledge in normal light and indoor temperature conditions. Then, the local geomagnetic field was measured simultaneously with the plant stem resistance. There was a close correlation between these two parameters as seen in Figures 5a and 5b.  The plant stem resistance changes lagged about 1½ hours behind the geomagnetic field changes.

To confirm that a changing magnetic field could produce such an effect, the plants were placed in the magnetic field generated by a steady current in a large coil arranged so as to simulate the measured changes in the geomagnetic field. The results shown in Figure 6 confirmed that the observed plant stem resistance changes could be produced by a changing magnetic field and again gave a time lag of 1½ hours.

To try to suppress the effect of this ‘zeitgeber’ a  Dieffenbachia plant was  placed on the floor in a part of the laboratory close to a steel floor joist where  there was a  strong gradient of magnetic field. This was measured using a geo-magnetometer with a graphics computer (BPM2001, Bio-Physik Mersmann ). The resulting plot shown in Figure 7  gives a magnetic field gradient  of 80 µT/m. which represents a variation of  3 nT across a leaf of the plant and 1 nT across its stem diameter. Since the plants were responding to changes in the geomagnetic field of total magnitude  1 µT and began to respond at changes of 100 nT it is not so remarkable that this gradient of magnetic field was able to paralyse the ability of  the plant to photosynthesise properly. The plant was placed at the 50 cm × 50 cm coordinate shown in Figure 7. At this location, the overall resistance of the stem as shown in Figure 8 increased steadily over 48 hours.  The periods of decreasing resistance occurred much later in each succeeding day and for shorter durations. At the end of 48 hours, the plant had wilted, the leaves had become discoloured and overall the plant appeared to be in very poor condition. Subsequently, it recovered on being moved back to its former location on the laboratory window ledge.

4.       Conclusions

From the above preliminary experiments on two plant species preferring very different habitats, it appears that the electrical resistance between an electrode inserted into the stem and one inserted into the potting medium is a good indicator of the plants’ activity and impending activity. The resistance changes for the plant indoors can be stimulated rapidly by exposure to ultra-violet light. Diurnal variations in the stem resistance persist when the plant is kept inside an incubator in darkness and screened from all but ELF and geomagnetic fields. These variations correlate with the diurnal variations in the local geomagnetic field, but they lag in phase by about 1½ hours. Comparable variations in stem resistance can be stimulated by equivalent laboratory generated magnetic field changes and rates of change, both have to be correct. Finally, the effect of exposure to a magnetic field gradient giving a magnetic field variation  over the dimensions of the plant which is greater that the geomagnetic fluctuations providing its ‘zeitgeber,’ results in a rapid decline in its photosynthesis activity and general vitality.

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Dr. Ludger Mersmann for the loan of the geo-magnetometer and computer and to Dr. Kaydar Quboa for making the magnetic field plot which forms Figure 7.

References

Carter JK and Blanchard RO (1978) Electrical resistance related to phloem width in red maple. Canad. J. For. Res. 8: 90-93.

Fensom DS (1963) The bioelectric potentials of plants and their functional significance.  Canad. J. Botany 41: 831-851.

Hart F-X (1985) The extremely low frequency electrical properties of plant stems. Bioelectromagnetics 6: 243-256.

Reed’s 57^th. Nautical Almanac (1988)  Thomas Reed: New Malden.

Appendix 2.

Frequency, Coherence and Response Rate Theory

Anything in a state of oscillation has a variation which usually repeats in cycles according to the mathematical relation called a sine function, hence the term sine-wave. This function is the mathematical solution of an equation describing an oscillation. If the ‘sine’ had not previously been found in trigonometry it would have had to be invented for this equation.

The number of cycles per second is the frequency of the oscillation. Equations tend to give frequencies in radians per second and since there are 2π radians in one cycle or circle this factor often appears. Two waves can have the same frequency and wavelength but they may still have a difference in phase. If the phases of two waves of the same frequency differed by half a cycle they would be mirror images and if combined they would cancel. This is called destructive interference. Coherence can be regarded as a measure of the capacity of two waves to interfere.

If the effect of an oscillation is propagating through space, the distance travelled per cycle is the wavelength, and frequency multiplied by wavelength gives its velocity of propagation.

The band-width of a resonance is usually measured between the half-power (3db) points.  The more precise the frequency (i.e. the narrower the  band-width)  the longer the resonance takes to build-up and  to decay (echo). This is often described  and measured by a parameter called  ‘Q’ (= frequency / bandwidth). These are all mathematically related as shown in Figure 1.

The early part of the 20^th. Century saw Planck’s hypothesis that oscillators can only emit or absorb energy in quanta and not in any arbitrary amount as assumed in classical physics.   Bohr connected these oscillators with atomic structures, thereby explaining why atoms do not ‘run down’. Hahnemann’s original potencies did not ‘run down’ and they were found to be clinically effective 150 years after he had prepared them. Homeopathic potencies must involve some macroscopic type of quantum physics to provide a similar stability to that given by quantum physics at the atomic level. The Classical Electromagnetic Field describes physical states for which the phase is well defined, but the number of particles (quanta) is undefined. It can describe the propagation of electromagnetic radiation but, as Einstein postulated, quanta are  inherent in the nature of the radiation itself.  Fröhlich pioneered the concept of coherence in living systems. Del Giudice and Preparata showed that domains of coherence were a fundamental property of water.

There is some very interesting physics behind homeopathy. It involves the interaction with living systems of frequencies stored in coherence domains in a homeopathic potency.

Figure 1

Resonance Build-Up and Decay in Classical Physics

The quality (Q) of a resonance expresses the sharpness of a resonance and the response rate. It is the resonant frequency divided by the bandwidth at the half-power (3dB) points and  is the ratio: (energy stored / energy lost per cycle).

Within a coherence domain, the coherence in the phase increases as more particles in the domain are allowed to fluctuate randomly. This takes up the Heisenberg Uncertainty.  It is this uncertainty which limits how narrow the bandwidth can be.

The bandwidth of a frequency can be measured with sufficient precision. This gives the number of particles involved in fluctuation which in turn gives the total number of particles within the coherence domain.

If these particles are protons they will spin and the spin axis will precess in a magnetic field. This precession is a current loop which will generate a local magnetic field. There is a certain number of protons which must precess coherently to satisfy the proton nuclear magnetic resonance conditions for any frequency of precession.  In other words, if the protons are started precessing at any given frequency, they will generate exactly that magnetic field which will keep them precessing at that frequency.

This memory of frequency will be stable unless the entire coherence is broken up by removing the geomagnetic field. This erases a homeopathic potency. The critical magnetic field at which this happens gives the size of a coherence domain as 53µm. This in turn gives the number of protons available to remember a frequency. There are enough protons in a domain to remember over 800 different frequencies which is what is measured by multiple imprinting. The numbers derived from experiment and theory all fit.

Within a coherent system, external radiation will interact with an entire coherence domain or, not interact at all. It is the interaction and scattering by individual molecules which gives matter its refractive index. If radiation does not interact, it travels with the free-space velocity of light. If it does interact, it will interact with an ensemble of molecules oscillating in-phase as a massive coherence domain. This   greatly reduces the velocity and is equivalent to an enormous refractive index.

Fractality arises from frequencies within a coherence domain. The constant parameter becomes the coherence length and this makes frequency proportional to any velocity with which the coherence can propagate.  Table 1 shows the fractal frequencies generated by imprinting the optical spectrum from a mercury discharge lamp into water. Combining the frequency ratios gives the ratio: Optical/ELF = 8.25×10¹³.

If a plant wants to do something quickly or needing much energy, it can use the ultra-violet. If it wants to ignore irrelevant environmental fluctuations it can chose a lower fractal of frequency, yet still retain the capability to switch over to a fast activity or a high energy activity like photochemistry.

Table 1

General References

Arani, R. Bono, I. Del Giudice, E. Preparata, G. (1995)   QED Coherence and the Thermodynamics of Water. Intl. J. of Mod. Phys. B, 9, 1813-1841.

Fröhlich,  H.  (1983) Coherence in Biology, in ‘Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems’, Fröhlich, H. and Kremer, F. (Editors). Berlin: Springer-Verlag   pp 1-5.

Fröhlich,  H.  (1988) Theoretical Physics and Biology, in  Fröhlich,  H.  (Editor) “Biological Coherence and Response to External Stimuli”. Berlin: Springer-Verlag  pp 1-24.

Preparata G. QED Coherence in Matter. Singapore: World Scientific, 1995.

Smith CW. (1998) Is a living system a macroscopic quantum system? Frontier Perspectives, 7(1), 9-15, (Temple University, Philadelphia, 1997 Lecture at Frontier Sciences Department).

Smith CW. (2007)  Water - its clinical and scientific depths. In:  Emoto M, The Healing Power of Water. London: Hay House. Chap.3, pp 77-88.

Smith CW (2008) Fröhlich’s Interpretation of Biology through Theoretical Physics. In: Hyland GJ and Rowlands P (Eds.) Herbert  Fröhlich FRS: A physicist ahead of his time. Liverpool: University of Liverpool, 2^nd edition,  pp  107-154.

[1] Gurwitsch AG and Gurwitsch LD “Twenty Years of Mitogenetic Radiation: Emergence, Development and Perspectives” 21^st. Century, Fall 1999, pp.41-53 also appended to Proc. Intl. AG Gurwitsch Conf. Sept 28- Oct2, 1994 as English translations of a 1943 article in Russian.

[2] hpathy.com “Homeopathy – How it works and how it is done”   January to July 2008.

[3] Recommendations mostly taken from   “Agro-Homeopathy - An Alternative for Agriculture” by  Dr. Niurka Meneses Moreno in hpathy.com  December 2008 and reproduced with permission.

[4] hpathy.com “Homeopathy – How it works and how it is done”.   Chapter 5, Section.8, May 2008.